İÇİNDEKİLER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7
ÖZET 9
ABSTRACT 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS 13
ABBREVIATIONS 17
I. INTRODUCTION 21
A. SUBJECT MATTER, AIM AND QUESTIONS 21
1. Role of Insurance 21
2. Role of Marine Insurance 22
3. P&I Insurance and the Subject Matter and Aim 23
4. Questions Raised 25
B. SCOPE AND STRUCTURE 27
C. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 28
II. AN OVERVIEW OF MARINE INSURANCE 31
A. BRIEF HISTORY 31
B. TYPES OF MARINE INSURANCE OF WHICH P&I IS A PART 33
1. Marine Cargo Insurance 33
2. Hull and Machinery Insurance (H&M) 34
3. Protection and Indemnity Insurance (P&I) 35
a. P&I Defined 35
b. Claims Covered 37
c. Legal Framework 44
i. Statutory Framework 44
ii. Contractual Framework 45
aa. In Terms of Insurance Law 45
bb. In Terms of Law of Obligations 47
4. Other Types of Marine Insurance 51
III. HISTORY OF P&I INSURANCE 53
A. EVOLUTIONARY BACKGROUND 53
1. Impacts of the Bubble Act 1720 and the Period Theretofore 53
2. Decline of the Hull Clubs and Increasing Liabilities of
Shipowners 55
3. From Protection Plus Indemnity Onwards 58
4. Reinsurance and the Pooling System 59
5. Moving to Offshore Countries 61
B. PROVIDERS AS OF TODAY 62
1. P&I Clubs 62
a. Legal Structure 62
b. Constitution and Management 63
c. Correspondents and Brokers 64
d. Club Membership 66
2. Traditional Insurance Companies 68
IV. ROLE AND FUNCTION OF THE “PAY TO BE PAID” RULE WITHIN THE
CONTEXT OF THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF P&I INSURANCE 71
A. THE “PAY TO BE PAID” RULE 71
1. The Condition Precedent 71
2. Conditions and Measure of Indemnity 73
3. Doctrine of Subrogation in the Policy 75
a. Legal Doctrines Reinforcing the Indemnity Principle 75
b. Subrogation in Terms of P&I Insurance 76
i. On the Part of Clubs 76
ii. On the Part of Third–Party Claimants 78
4. Problems Arising out of Its Application 79
a. Establishment and the Ensuing Problems 79
b. Erosion Towards the 21th Century 81
c. The Current Situation 82
B. PRINCIPLE OF MUTUALITY 83
1. Role and Function in the Policy 83
2. Significance on the Part of Third–Party Claimants 86
C. NON–PROFIT–MAKING BASE 87
D. CLAIMS HANDLING 89
V. SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE AND DIRECT ACTION
AND THE IMPACTS OF THE “PAY TO BE PAID” RULE THEREON 91
A. THREE–TIERED PROTECTION 91
1. Compulsory Insurance 91
2. Direct Action 93
3. Waiver of “Pay to Be Paid” 93
B. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 95
1. Under International Law 95
a. CLC 1992, FUND 1992, and the Protocol of 2003 95
b. BUNKERS 2001 100
c. WRC 2007 102
d. HNS 2010 104
e. PAL 2002 106
f. IMO Guidelines 109
g. MLC 2006 and the Amendments of 2014 111
2. Under Supranational Law 115
3. Under National Laws 115
a. English Law 115
b. Scandinavian Law 118
c. American Law 119
d. Turkish Law 121
C. PERSPECTIVE OF CLUBS 123
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 127
VII. ACADEMIC SOURCES 135
A. PRIMARY SOURCES 135
1. Convention Based Regimes 135
2. National Regimes 137
a. English Legislation 137
b. Scandinavian Legislation 138
c. American Legislation 138
d. Turkish Legislation 138
B. SECONDARY SOURCES 139
1. Doctrine 139
a. Books 139
b. Articles 140
c. Reports 143
d. Theses 144
2. Court Decisions 145
3. Other Written Sources 146
a. Club Rules 146
b. Standard Clauses 146
c. Guidelines, Resolutions, and Directives 147
d. Others 148
4. Websites 148 |