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İÇİNDEKİLER
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PUBLIC LAW
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF
TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 27
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 53
CHAPTER 3
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk EROL ¦
Res. Asst. Emre KILIÇ 67
CHAPTER 4
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Res. Asst. İ. Esra DÜLGER SUCU ¦
Res. Asst. Kasım OCAK 91
CHAPTER 5
TURKISH CRIMINAL AND
TURKISH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hakan HAKERİ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya TEKİN ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Melik KARTAL ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Kübra TUNÇ 109
CHAPTER 6
TURKISH GENERAL TAX LAW
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON 193
CHAPTER 7
TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN 225
CHAPTER 8
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE 237
CHAPTER 9
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW–OTHER ISSUES OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
TURKEY’S LEGAL POSITION IN RELATED MATTERS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE ¦
Res. Asst. Merve İSPİRLİ ARMAĞAN 265
CHAPTER 10
TURKISH LEGAL HISTORY
(PRE–ISLAMIC PERIOD)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦
Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 299
CHAPTER 11
OTTOMAN LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦
Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 315
CHAPTER 12
TURKISH PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Res. Asst. Ercan ER 355
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
PUBLIC LAW
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF
TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 27
SECTION I: DEFINITION 27
SECTION II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TURKISH CONSTITUTIONALIST MOVEMENT 28
SECTION III: THE LEGISLATURE 31
I. Composition of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey 31
A. Eligibility Criteria d to Become a Deputy 32
B. Parliamentary Privileges 33
II. Functions and Powers of the GNAT 34
A. Enacting Laws 35
B. Parliamentary Oversight 35
SECTION IV: THE EXECUTIVE 36
I. Elements of the Executive 36
A. President 37
B. Vice Presidents and Ministers 39
C. Presidential Decrees 40
III. Before 2017 Amendments 40
A. President 40
B. Prime Minister (PM) 41
C. Council of Ministers (CoM) 41
II. Legal Status 43
A. Privileges and Immunities 43
B. Ministerial Liability 43
1. Political Liability 44
2. Criminal Liability 44
3. Legal Liability 44
SECTION V: THE JUDICIARY 45
IV. Organization of the Judiciary 45
A. Judicial (Civil and Criminal) Courts 45
B. Administrative Courts and Tax Courts 46
C. Military Courts 47
D. Turkish Constitutional Court 47
E. Court of Accounts 49
V. Judicial Independence 49
A. Independence of Judges 49
B. Tenure of Judges 49
C. Principle of Natural Judge 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY 51
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 53
I. General Constitutional Framework 53
II. Limitations to Fundamental Rights 55
III. Suspension of Basic Rights and Freedoms 57
IV. Individual Application to the Constitutional Court 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY 66
CHAPTER 3
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk EROL ¦
Res. Asst. Emre KILIÇ 67
I. Turkish Administrative Organization 67
A. Central Administration 68
1. President of the Republic 68
a. Election 68
b. Duties and Powers 69
B. Decentralization 70
1. Territorial Decentralization (Local Administrations) 70
a. Special Provincial Administration (İl Özel İdaresi) 71
aa. General Provincial Council (İl Genel Meclisi) 72
bb. Provincial Executive Committee (İl Encümeni) 72
cc. Governor (Vali) 72
b. Municipality (Belediye) 72
aa. Municipal Council (Belediye Meclisi) 73
bb. Municipal Executive Committee (Belediye Encümeni) 74
cc. The Mayor (Belediye Başkanı) 74
c. Metropolitan Municipality (Büyükşehir Belediyesi) 74
d. Village Administration (Köy İdaresi) 75
2. Decentralization Based on Services 76
a. Institutions of Higher Education (Yüksek Öğretim Kurumları) 76
b. Regulatory and Supervision Agencies (Düzenleyici ve Denetleyici Kurumlar) 76
c. Professional Organizations Having the Characteristics of Public Institution (Kamu Kurumu Niteliğindeki Meslek Kuruluşları) 77
d. Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) 77
II. Activities of Administration 77
A. Public Services 78
B. Administrative Police 79
III. Powers of Administration 80
A. Administrative Acts 80
1. Administrative Regulations 80
2. Individual Administrative Acts 81
B. Administrative Contracts 81
C. Administrative Actions 82
D. Law on Public Procurement 82
1. Basic Legislation on Public Procurement 82
2. Procurement Procedures 83
a. The Law No 2886 84
b. The Law No 4734 84
3. Objection to Procurement 85
a. Complaint Application to the Contracting Authority (Şikayet) 85
b. Appeal Application to the Public Procurement Authority (İtirazen Şikayet) 86
E. Administrative Sanctions 86
1. Definition of Administrative Sanction and Primary Legislation 86
2. Basic Principles Regarding Administrative Sanctions 87
3. Judicial Review of Administrative Sanctions 87
BIBLIOGRAPHY 89
CHAPTER 4
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Res. Asst. İ. Esra DÜLGER SUCU ¦
Res. Asst. Kasım OCAK 91
I. General 91
II. Organization of Administrative Jurisdiction 91
A. Council of State 92
B. Regional Administrative Courts 93
C. Administrative Courts 93
D. Tax Courts 93
III. Administrative Litigation 94
A. Action for Annulment 94
B. Action of Full Jurisdiction 95
IV. Suspension of Execution 96
V. Time Limit to File a Case 96
VI. Procedure For Expedited Trial 97
VII. Legal Remedies 99
A. In General 99
B. Ordinary Legal Remedies 99
1. Appeal 99
2. Cassation 103
C. Extraordinary Legal Remedies 105
1. Renewal of the Trial 105
2. Cassation for the Benefit of Law 106
BIBLIOGRAPHY 108
CHAPTER 5
TURKISH CRIMINAL AND
TURKISH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hakan HAKERİ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya TEKİN ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Melik KARTAL ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Kübra TUNÇ 109
TURKISH CRIMINAL LAW 109
I. INTRODUCTION 109
SECTION I: GENERAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE 110
A. Principles of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Policy 110
1. Rule of Law 110
2. Principle of Legality (in crime and punishment) 110
3. Proportionality Rule 111
4. Respect to Human Dignity 111
5. Equal Protection of Law 111
6. Principle of Culpability 111
7. Individuality of Criminal Responsibility 112
B. Application of Turkish Penal Code 112
1. Application of Turkish Penal Code in respect of Time 112
2. Application of Turkish Penal Code in respect of Location 112
a. Active Personality Principle 113
b. Passive Personality Principle 114
c. Protective Principle 115
d. Representation Principle (İkâme Yargı) 115
e. Universal Jurisdiction Principle 116
f. Retrial in Turkey 117
g. Extradition of Foreigners 118
3. Application of Criminal Laws regarding Persons 120
a. President of the Republic 121
b. Parliamentary Immunity 121
ba. Absolute immunity (non–accountability) 121
bb. Temporary Immunity (no prosecution without the act of the parliament) 122
c. International jurisdictional immunity 122
d. Some foreign soldiers and civilians and their relatives 123
e. Civil servants/Public officials 123
C. Elements of Crime 123
1. Legal Element of Crime/Typicality (tipiklik) 124
a. Physical (objective) elements – Actus Reus 124
aa. An actomission to act 124
ab. A particular harmresult 126
ac. Causation (causal relation) 126
b. Mental (subjective) elements – Mens Rea 126
ba. Dolus Directus – Criminal Intent 126
bb. Dolus Eventualis – Eventual Intent – Recklessness 127
bc. Advertent (Conscious) and Inadvertent (Unconscious) Negligence 127
bd. The Aggravation of an Offence Due to Its Consequences 128
2. Element of Illegality/Unlawfulness (Lack of a Lawful Cause) 128
a. Executing a Provision (Art. 24/1) 129
b. Executing a Lawful Order (Art. 24/2) 129
c. Self–defence (Art. 25/1) 130
d. Use of a Right (Art. 26/1) 130
e. Consent (Art. 26/2) 130
D. Culpability 131
1. Criminal Capacity (Kusur Yeteneği – İsnat Kabiliyeti) 131
a. Reasons Affecting the Criminal Capacity 131
aa. Age (Art. 31 TPC) 132
ab. Insanity (Art. 32) 132
ac. Deafness and Dumbness (Art. 33) 132
ad. Ephemeral Reasons, Addiction to Alcohol and Drugs (Art. 34) 133
2. Reasons Affecting Culpability 133
a. Unlawful and Binding Order of the Supervisor (Art. 24/2) 133
b. State of Necessity (Art. 25/2) 133
c. Force and Violence, Menace and Threat (Art. 28) 133
d. Expectability in Crimes by Omission 134
e. Unjust provocation (Art. 29) 134
f. Exceeding of Limit in Excusatory Causes 134
g. Mistake Claims 135
h. Other Conditions of the Punishability 135
ha. Objective conditions of punishability (Objektif cezalandırılabilme şartları) 136
hb. Personal Excuses for Impunity and Personal Circumstances Which WithdrawReduce Penalty (Şahsi cezasızlık sebepleri ve cezayı kaldıran veya cezada indirim yapılmasını gerektiren şahsi sebepler) 136
E. Attempt 137
1. Attempt to Commit a Crime 137
2. Voluntary Abandonment (Gönüllü Vazgeçme) 138
3. Effective Remorse (Etkin Pişmanlık) 138
F. Participation in Crimes (İştirak) 139
G. Joinder of Offences (İçtima) 141
1. Joint Offence (Bileşik Suç) 141
2. Successive Offences (Zincirleme Suç) 141
3. Conceptual Aggregation/Joinder of Ideas (Fikri İçtima) 142
H. Sanctions 142
1. Suspension of the Sentence of Imprisonment 144
2. Dismissal of an Action and Termination of Punishment 144
SECTION II: SPECIAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE (CRIMES) 145
A. International Offences 146
1. Genocide (Art. 76) 146
2. Offences against Humanity (Art. 77) 147
3. Forming Organized GroupsEngaging in the Management of Such Groups to Commit Genocide and/or Offences against Humanity (Art. 78) 147
4. Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to a Country (Art. 79) 148
5. Human Trade (Art. 80) 148
B. Offences against Individuals 149
1. Offences against Life 149
a. Voluntary Manslaughter – Intentional Killing/Homicide (Art. 81–83) 149
b. Soliciting Suicide (Art. 84) 150
c. Negligent Homicide (Art. 85) 150
2. Offences of Bodily Harm 151
a. Intentional Injury (Art. 86) 151
b. Abortion 152
3. Offences against Sexual Inviolability 152
a. Sexual Assault (Art. 102) (Cinsel Saldırı) 152
b. Sexual Abuse of Children (Art. 103) (Çocukların Cinsel İstismarı) 154
c. Sexual Intercourse with the Person Who Has Not Attained the Lawful Age (Art. 104) 155
d. Sexual Harassment (Art. 105) (Cinsel Taciz) 156
4. Offences Against Freedom 156
a. Threat (Art. 106) 156
b. Deprivation of Freedom (Art. 109) 157
c. Violation of the Inviolability of Residence (Art. 116) 158
5. Offences Against Honour 158
a. Insult (Art. 125) 158
aa. Aggravating Circumstances 159
ab. Identification of the Victim 160
ac. Proof of Imputation 160
ad. Inviolability of Accusation and Defence 160
af. Insulting on the Ground of an Unjust ActReciprocal Insult 160
6. Offences Against Privacy and Secrecy of Life 161
7. Offences against Property 163
C. Offences Against the Public 164
1. Offences Against Public Health 164
2. Offences Against Public Confidence 165
a. Forgery of Official Document (Art. 204) 165
b. Forgery of Private Document (Art. 207) 166
c. A Mitigating Circumstance for Both Crimes (Art. 211) 166
d. A Special Joinder Rule Regarding Both Crimes (Art. 212) 166
3. Offences Against Public Peace 167
a. Provocation to Commit an Offence (Art. 214) 167
b. Provoking the Public to Hatred, HostilityDenigration (Art. 216) 167
c. Establishing an Organisation for the Purpose of Committing a Crime (Art. 220) 167
d. Effective Remorse for the Offence of Establishing an Organisation for the Purpose of Committing a Crime (Art. 221) 169
D. Offences against Nation and State 170
1. Offences Against the Reliability and Functioning of the Public Administration 170
2. Offences Against the Judicial Bodiesthe Court 172
a. Calumny (Art. 267) 172
b. Non–Notification of Crime (Art. 278) 172
c. Destruction, ConcealingAltering Evidence (Art. 281) 173
3. Offences against the Constitutional Order and its Functioning Violation of the Constitution (Art. 309) 173
SECTION III: TURKISH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 173
A. Principles of Criminal Procedure Law 173
B. General Characteristics of Criminal Justice System in Turkey 175
C. Precautionary Measures 176
D. Stages/Phases of Criminal Procedure in Turkey 177
1. Investigation 177
a. The Duties and Powers of the PPS 178
aa. Internal Structure of the PPS 178
ab. The Justice of the Peace 179
b. Ending the investigation 179
c. Return of the Indictment 181
2. Prosecution (Trial) 182
3. Decision to Delay the Pronouncement of the Judgement 185
4. Legal Remedies: Opposition (İtiraz), Appeal on Facts and Law (İstinaf) and Appeal on Law (Temyiz) 187
a. Opposition (İtiraz) 187
b. Appeal on Facts and Law (İstinaf) 188
c. Appeal on Law (Temyiz) 189
BIBLIOGRAPHY 191
CHAPTER 6
TURKISH GENERAL TAX LAW
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON 193
SECTION I: TURKISH GENERAL LAW AT NATIONAL LEVEL 193
I. Definition and Sources of Tax Law 193
A. Definition of Tax and Tax Law 193
B. Sources of Tax Law 194
1. Binding Sources of Tax Law 194
a. The Constitution 194
b. Tax Codes 195
c. International Tax Treaties 196
d. Presidential Decrees 197
e. Other Binding Sources 197
2. Non–binding Sources of Tax Law 197
C. The Parties to the Taxation 198
D. General Principles of Tax Law 199
II. Taxation Process 200
A. Taxable Event 200
B. Tax Assessment 201
1. Complementary Tax Assessment 201
2. Ex– Officio Tax Assessment 201
3. Statutory Tax Assessment 202
C. Tax Notification 202
D. Tax Accrual 202
E. Tax Collection 203
III. Tax Offences 203
A. General 203
B. Tax Misdemeanors 205
1. Irregularity Misdemeanors 205
2. Tax Loss Misdemeanors 205
C. Tax Crimes 205
1. Tax Evasion 206
2. Breach of Tax Secrecy 206
3. Carrying Out Personal Affairs of Taxpayers 207
IV. Tax Procedure Law 207
A. General 207
B. Administrative Methods For Resolving Tax Disputes 207
1. Conciliation (Uzlaşma) 207
2. Error Correction (Hata Düzeltme) 209
3. Reduction in Tax Loss, Irregularity and Special Irregularity Penalties 210
4. Application to Higher Authorities 210
C. Judicial Tax Dispute Resolution 210
1. Principles of Tax Procedure 211
2. Tax–Related Courts 211
a. Tax Courts 212
b. Regional Administrative Courts 212
c. The Council of State 213
3. Tax Trial Procedure 214
V. Tax Enforcement Law 216
A. General 216
B. Compulsory Execution Proceeding 216
C. Measures of Conservation 217
1. Pre–emptive Right 217
2. Request for a Guarantee 217
3. Precautionary Accrual (İhtiyati Tahakkuk) 218
4. Precautionary Attachment (İhtiyati Haciz) 218
5. Nullity Proceedings 219
SECTION II: GENERAL TAX LAW AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 219
I. International Tax Law 219
A. General 219
B. States’ Jurisdiction to Tax 220
C. Legal Nature of International Tax Treaties in Turkish Law 221
D. Notion of Double Taxation 221
E. Issue of Double Non–Taxation: Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance 222
BIBLIOGRAPHY 223
CHAPTER 7
TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN 225
SECTION I: DIRECT TAXES 225
I. Direct Taxation 225
A. Income Tax for Real Persons 225
1. Commercial Income 226
2. Agricultural Income 226
3. Salaries 227
4. Income from Self–employment 227
5. Earnings from Security Capital 227
6. Earnings from Immovable Property 227
7. Any Other Income and Earning 227
B. Corporate Tax 228
1. Thin Capitalization 229
2. Transfer Pricing 229
3. Tax – Free Corporate Restructurings 230
SECTION II: INDIRECT TAXES 231
I. Indirect Taxation 231
A. Value Added Tax 231
B. Stamp Tax 232
C. Motor Vehicles Tax 233
D. Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax (BITT) 233
E. Gambling Tax 233
F. Inheritance and Gift Tax 233
G. Property Tax 234
H. Special Communication Tax 234
İ. Customs Tax 234
J. Fees 234
K. Special Consumption Tax 234
BIBLIOGRAPHY 236
CHAPTER 8
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE 237
SECTION I: USE OF FORCE BY STATES 237
I. Prohibition on the Use of Force 237
II. Right of Self–Defense 239
III. Scope of Self–Defense 240
IV. AnticipatoryPre–Emptive Self–Defense 242
V. Collective Self–Defense 243
VI. Humanitarian Intervention 243
VII. Responsibility to Protect 245
VIII. Use of Force Under Chapter VII of the Charter 245
SECTION II: INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY 247
I. Source of Responsibility: The Internationally Wrongful Act of A State 248
A. Attribution of Conduct to A State 249
B. Breach of an International Obligation 250
C. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness 250
1. Consent 250
2. Self–Defense 251
3. Countermeasures 251
4. Force–majeure and Distress 251
5. Necessity 252
II. Consequences of an Internationally Wrongful Act 252
A. Restitution 253
B. Compensation 254
C. Satisfaction 254
III. Serious Breaches of Obligations Under Peremptory Norms 254
SECTION III: SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 255
I. Introduction 255
II. Primary Sources 256
A. Treaties 256
B. Customary International Law 256
C. General Principles of Law 258
III. Secondary Sources 258
A. Judicial Decisions 258
B. Doctrine 259
IV. Other Sources 259
A. Resolutions of International and Regional Organizations 259
B. Soft Law 259
C. International Law Commission 260
D. Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) 260
BIBLIOGRAPHY 262
CHAPTER 9
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW–OTHER ISSUES OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
TURKEY’S LEGAL POSITION IN RELATED MATTERS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE ¦
Res. Asst. Merve İSPİRLİ ARMAĞAN 265
SECTION I: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 265
I. Introduction 265
II. History and Role of International Organizations 266
III. Legal Personality 267
IV. TURKEY’S MEMBERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 268
A. United Nations (UN) 268
B. Council of Europe 269
C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 270
SECTION II: MAIN ACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: STATES 271
I. State 271
A. Land 271
B. Population 272
1. Right of Self–Determination 273
C. Political Authority 273
D. Sovereignty 274
II. Protection of Sovereignty 275
A. Main Principle; Non–Intervention 275
1. Exceptions to the Non–Intervention Principle 276
a. State Consent 276
b. Responsibility to Protect 277
III. States’ Jurisdictional Immunity 277
IV. State Borders; Turkey 277
SECTION III: REFUGEE CRISIS; ASYLUM PROCESS IN TURKEY 278
I. Introduction 278
II. Key legal document related to refugees; 1951 Geneva Convention 279
III. Refugee status in Turkish Legal System 279
SECTION IV: LAW OF THE SEA 281
I. Introduction 281
II. Major Maritime Zones 282
A. Baselines and Internal Waters 282
B. Territorial Sea 283
C. Contiguous Zone 284
D. Continental Shelf 284
E. Exclusive Economic Zone 285
F. High Seas 286
G. The Deep Seabed Area 288
H. Straits and Archipelagos 288
III. The Law of Turkish Territorial Sea 289
A. General Rules 290
1. Territorial Sovereignty 290
2. Right of Innocent Passage 290
B. The Legal Regime on Turkish Straits 291
1. Background 291
2. The Legal Regime 292
3. The Jurisdiction of the Coastal State Over Foreign Vessels 294
4. The Frozen Conflict Between Turkey and Greece 295
BIBLIOGRAPHY 297
CHAPTER 10
TURKISH LEGAL HISTORY
(PRE–ISLAMIC PERIOD)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦ Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 299
I. General 299
II. The Asian Hun Empire 300
III. Gokturk State 301
IV. Uyghur State 302
V. Structure and Functioning of the Turkic States in the Pre–Islamic Period 303
A. Hakan 304
B. Kurultay (Congress) 306
C. Viziers and Other State Officials 307
D. Töre (Laws) 307
VI. Criminal Law 308
VII. Judicial Structure and Civil Procedure Law 309
VII. Family Law 310
A. General 310
B. Marriage 310
C. Kalın 311
D. Divorce 312
E. Adoption 312
IX. Law of Succession 312
X. Law of Obligation 313
BIBLIOGRAPHY 314
CHAPTER 11
OTTOMAN LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦
Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 315
I. Historical Background 315
II. Islamic Law 316
A. The Holy Quran 316
B. Sunnah 317
C. Ijma(Consensus of Opinion) 318
D. Qiyas (Deductive Analogy) 319
III. Historical Periods of Islamic Law 320
A. The Period of the Prophet 320
B. The Period of Rightly Guided Caliphs (First Four Caliphs) and Companions 321
C. The Period of Tabi’in (Successors of the Companions) 322
D. The Period of Schools (Madhab) 323
1. The Hanafi School 323
2. The Maliki School 324
3. The Shafi’i School 324
4. The Hanbali School 325
E. The Period of Taqlid (Imitation) 325
F. Legislation Period 326
IV. Legal Structure of the Ottoman Empire 326
A. General 326
B. Relation of Sharia and Sultanic Law 327
C. Judicial Structure 328
1. General 328
2. Courts 329
a. Courts of Sharia 329
b. Community Courts (Cemaat Mahkemeleri – For Non–Muslims) 330
c. Consular Courts 331
d. Other Courts 332
D. Legislation of the Ottoman Law 333
1. General 333
2. Fiqh Books 334
3. Fatwa Books 334
4. Legal Codes (Kanunnâmeler) 335
5. Records of Sharia Courts 336
V. Legal Structure of the Ottoman Empire After the Era of Tanzimat 336
A. General 336
1. Role of Western Countries 337
2. Commercial, Economical and Social Changes and Legal Reasons 337
3. Necessity for Reforms 338
B. Edict of Tanzimat 338
C. Edict of Islahat 339
D. Reforms in Public Law 340
1. Constitutional Law 340
2. Administrative Law 341
3. Criminal Law 342
4. Procedural Laws 343
E. Reforms in Private Law 344
1. Mecelle–i Ahkâm–i Adliyye (Civil Code of the Ottoman Empire) 344
2. Ottoman Family Law Decree 345
3. Land Law 346
F. Reforms in Judicial Structure 347
BIBLIOGRAPHY 350
CHAPTER 12
TURKISH PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Res. Asst. Ercan ER 355
SECTION I: NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 355
I. Nature of Philosophy of Law 355
II. Importance of Philosophy of Law 356
A. Theoretical Importance of Philosophy of Law 356
B. Practical Importance of Philosophy of Law 357
SECTION II: MAIN IDEOLOGIES WHICH DETERMINE THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 357
I. Theories Embodied by Moral Content of Law 358
II. Theories Embodied by Normativity of Law 358
III. Theories Embodied by Social Facts Determining Law 359
BIBLIOGRAPHY 360 |
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