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İÇİNDEKİLER
LIST OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 5
LIST OF ABBREVIATION 15
CHAPTER I
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTION
A. ELECTION 17
1. Definition 17
2. Electoral System–Electoral Rules–Electoral Law 18
a. Electoral System 18
b. Electoral Rules 18
c. Electoral Law 19
B. OTHER CONCEPTS RELATED TO ELECTION 20
1. Vote 20
2. Voter / Elector 21
3. Suffrage 21
4. Ballot 22
5. Poll 22
6. Candidate 23
7. Nominate 23
8. Constituency 24
9. Constituent 25
C. DEMOCRACY AND ELECTION 25
1. Types of Democracy and Election 26
a. Direct Democracy 26
b. Representative Democracy 27
c. Multi–Party Democracy 27
2. Type of Representation 28
a. Agency Representation (Delegate Representation) 28
b. Trustee Representation (National Representation) 29
c. Microcosmic Representation 30
d. Mandate Representation (Party Mandate) 31
D. POLITICAL PARTIES 32
1. Definition of a Political Party 32
2. Ruling Party vs. Opposition Party 33
3. Party System 34
E. END OF CHAPTER ONE 34
1. Chapter Summary 34
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts 35
3. Discussion Questions 36
4. Suggested Readings 37
CHAPTER II
POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS
A. DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL PARTIES 39
B. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL PARTIES 40
1. Free Association 40
2. Political Aim 41
3. Representation 41
C. FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES 42
1. Cooperation in the Exercise of Association and Expression 43
2. Cooperation in the Exercise of Government 43
3. Collective Responsibility for Government 44
D. THE HISTORICAL FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES 44
E. THREE DIMENSIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES 46
1. The First Dimension: Inner–party Relation 46
2. The Second Dimension: Status 47
3. The Third Dimension: Inter–party Relations 47
F. CLASSIFICATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES 48
1. OrganizationalMembership–Based Classification 48
2. Function–Based Classification 49
3. Other Classifications 50
G. PARTY SYSTEMS 53
1. Duverger’s Division 55
2. Sartori’s Division 56
H. NON–PARTISAN DEMOCRACY DEBATE 58
I. END OF CHAPTER TWO 59
1. Chapter Summary 59
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts 60
3. Discussion Questions 62
4. Suggested Reading 62
CHAPTER III
SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT AND ELECTORAL LAW
A. GENERAL 63
B. KEY FEATURES THAT DEFINE A SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 64
1. Principle of Separation of Power 65
2. Structure of Executive Branch 66
3. Mechanisms of Checks and Balances 67
C. TYPES OF SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT 69
1. Parliamentary System 69
a. Soft Separation of Power 70
b. Dual Executive Structure 71
c. Checks and Balances 73
d. Parliamentary System and Electoral Law 74
2. Presidential System 76
a. Rigid Separation of Power 77
b. Single Executive Power 78
c. Checks and Balances 79
d. Presidential System and Electoral Law 81
3. Semi–Presidential System 82
a. Elected Chief of State 83
b. Competent and Executive Chief of State 83
c. Cabinet Answerable to Parliament 84
d. Semi–Presidential System and Electoral Law 85
D. END OF CHAPTER THREE 86
1. Chapter Summary 86
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts 87
3. Discussion Questions 88
4. Suggested Readings 89
CHAPTER IV
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CRITERIA OF A DEMOCRATIC ELECTION
A. GENERAL 92
1. Elections as a Legal Process 92
2. Democratic Legitimacy and Electoral Processes 93
B. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 97
1. Free Elections 98
a. Will of the People 99
b. Assuring Freedom 99
c. Prerequisite Rights 99
d. Secret Ballot 100
2. Fair Elections 100
a. Universal Suffrage 101
b. Equal Suffrage 102
3. Genuine Elections 103
4. Periodic Elections 104
C. END OF CHAPTER FOUR 105
1. Chapter Summary 105
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts 106
3. Discussion Questions 107
4. Suggested Reading 107
CHAPHER V
ELECTION ADMINISTRATION
A. GENERAL 110
1. Definition of Election Administration 110
2. Models 111
3. Principles 112
B. ISSUES RELATED TO ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 113
1. Constituency Delimitation 113
2. Registration of Electors 114
3. Nomination, Parties and Candidates 116
4. Polling, Tabulation and Reporting 117
5. Complaints, Petitions and Appeals 118
6. Respect For Fundamental Rights 120
7. Offences, Penalties and Maintenance of Public Order 121
8. Equal and Fair Media Access 122
9. Public Information and Voter Education 124
10. Observation and Verification 125
C. END OF CHAPTER FIVE 126
1. Chapter Summary 126
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts 127
3. Discussion Questions 128
4. Suggested Reading 128
CHAPTER VI
ELECTORAL SYSTEMS
A. PLURALITY (MARORITY) SYSTEMS 130
1. First Past the Post (FPTP) / Simple Majority 131
a. Advantages 133
b. Disadvantages 134
2. The Two Round System (TRS) 136
a. Advantages 137
b. Disadvantages 138
3. Block Vote (BV) 139
a. How It Works 139
b. Advantages 140
c. Disadvantages 141
4. Party Block Vote (PBV) 142
a. Advantages 143
b. Disadvantages 143
5. The Alternative Vote (AV) 144
a. Step–by–step Counting Procedure 145
b. How Transfers Change the Majority 146
c. Exhausted Ballots and Majority Calculation 146
d. Advantages 147
e. Disadvantages 148
B. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS 149
1. List Proportional Representation System 150
a. Calculation Formulas — (how seats are picked from lists) 150
b. Advantages 153
c. Disadvantages 153
2. The Single Transferable Vote (STV) 154
a. The Counting in STV Proceeds in Stages 155
b. Advantages 156
c. Disadvantages 157
C. MIXED SYSTEMS 158
1. Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) 158
a. How It Works 158
b. Key Features 159
c. Advantages 159
d. Disadvantages 160
2. Parallel System (Mixed Member Majoritarian System–MMMS) 160
a. How It Works 161
b. Key features 161
c. Advantages 162
D. OTHER SYSTEMS 163
1. Single Non–Transferable Vote (SNTV) 163
a. How It Works 163
b. Advantages 164
c. Disadvantages 164
2. Limited Vote (LV) 165
a. How It Works 165
b. Advantages 166
c. Disadvantages 166
3. Borda Count 166
a. How It Works 166
b. Advantages 167
c. Disadvantages 167
D. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS RELATED ISSUES 167
1. District Magnitude 168
2. Electoral Threshold 169
3. The Features of the List 169
a. Closed Lists 170
b. Open Lists 170
c. Free lists 170
d. The Effects of the Type of List 171
E. THE END OF CHAPTER SIX 171
1. Chapter Summary 171
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts 172
3. Discussion Questions 174
4. Suggested Readings 174
CONCLUSION 177
BIBLIOGRAPHY 181
INDEX 185 |