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İÇİNDEKİLER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
LIST OF TABLES 15
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION 17
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 18
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 19
ABOUT THE BOOK & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 21
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 25
CHAPTER 1: CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONALISM
INTRODUCTION 31
1. MEANING OF CONSTITUTION 32
1.1. Definition of Constitution 32
1.2. Content of Constitutions 33
1.2.1. Preliminary Chapter (or Preamble) 33
1.2.2. General Principles Chapter 36
1.2.3. Institutions of the State Chapter 38
1.2.4. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Chapter 43
1.2.5. Amendment Procedure Chapter 47
1.3. Functions of Constitutions 59
1.4. Essentials of Good Constitutions 60
2. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS 61
2.1. Written and Unwritten Constitutions 63
2.1.1. Merits and Demerits of Written Constitutions 64
2.1.2. Merits and Demerits of Unwritten Constitutions 65
2.2. Soft and Rigid Constitutions 66
2.2.1. Merits and Demerits of Soft Constitutions 68
2.2.2. Merits and Demerits of Rigid Constitutions 69
2.3. Frame and Regular Constitutions 70
3. CONSTITUTIONALISM 70
3.1. History of Constitutionalism 71
3.2. Constitutional History of Türkiye 75
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 78
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 79
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 79
CHAPTER 2: CONSTITUENT AND CONSTITUTED POWER
INTRODUCTION 83
1. CONSTITUENT POWER 84
1.1. The term of Constituent 84
1.1.1. Sieyès 85
1.1.2. Schmitt 87
2. CONSTITUTED (AMENDING) POWER 88
2.1. The term of Constituted 88
2.1.1. Sieyès 89
2.1.2. Friedrich 89
3. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURES 90
3.1. Initiative 90
3.2. Parliamentary Procedures 92
3.3. Referendums 93
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 97
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 98
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 98
CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTIONS
INTRODUCTION 103
1. METHODS OF INTERPRETATION 104
1.1. Textualism 105
1.2. Original Intent and Meaning 106
1.3. Judicial Precedent 108
1.4. Pragmatism 109
1.5. Moral Reasoning 110
1.6. Structuralism 110
2. METHODS OF REASONING 114
2.1. Syllogism 114
2.2. Argumentum a Contrario 115
2.3. Analogy 115
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 118
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 119
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 119
CHAPTER 4: CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW
INTRODUCTION 123
1. AMERICAN MODEL 126
2. EUROPEAN MODEL 128
3. WAYS OF REVIEW 132
3.1. Abstract Review of Law 133
3.2. Concrete Review of Law 134
3.3. A Priori Review 135
3.4. A Posteriori Review 135
3.5. Constitutional Complaint 135
4. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN FRANCE, GERMANY AND THE UK 138
4.1. France 139
4.2. Germany 139
4.3. United Kingdom 141
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 142
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 143
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 143
CHAPTER 5: THE STATE
INTRODUCTION 147
1. THE ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 148
1.1. Territory 150
1.2. Population 157
1.3. Sovereignty 157
1.3.1. Internal & External Sovereignty 159
1.3.2. Real & Nominal Sovereignty 160
1.3.3. Legal & Political & Popular Sovereignty 160
1.3.4. De Jure & De Facto Sovereignty 161
2. THE THEORIES OF THE STATE 161
2.1. Voluntaristic Theories 162
2.2. Social Contract Theories 162
2.3. Coercive Theory 163
2.4. Environmental Circumscription 165
2.5. Political Evolution 165
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 167
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 168
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 168
CHAPTER 6: TYPES OF THE STATE
INTRODUCTION 173
1. MONARCHY AND REPUBLICS 173
1.1. Definition of Monarchy 174
1.2. Types of Monarchies 174
1.2.1. Absolute Monarchies 174
1.2.2. Constitutional Monarchies 175
1.2.3. Hereditary Monarchies 177
1.2.4. Elective Monarchies 178
1.3. Definition of Republic 179
1.4. Types of Republics 179
2. UNITARY STATES AND UNIONS OF THE STATE 179
2.1. Unitary State 180
2.2. Unions of the States 181
2.2.1. Personal union 182
2.2.2. Real union 182
2.2.3. Confederation 183
2.2.4. Federalism 184
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 196
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 197
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 197
CHAPTER 7: GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION 201
1. UNION OF POWERS 202
1.1. Absolute Monarchy 202
1.2. Dictatorship 203
1.3. Assembly Government 204
2. SEPARATION OF POWERS 205
2.1. Parliamentary System 208
2.1.1. Features of Parliamentary System 209
2.1.2. Merits of Parliamentary System 211
2.1.3. Demerits of Parliamentary System 212
2.2. Presidential System 213
2.2.1. Features of Presidential System 216
2.2.2. Merits of Presidential System 216
2.2.3. Demerits of Presidential System 218
2.3. Semi–Presidential System 219
3. GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM OF TÜRKİYE 223
3.1. Features of Turkish Presidential System 224
3.1.1. The Role of the President 224
3.1.2. The Election of the President 224
3.1.3. The Duties and Powers of the President 225
3.1.4. The Criminal Liability of the President 227
3.1.5. The Relationship between the President and Parliament 228
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 229
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 230
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 230
CHAPTER 8: LEGISLATURE
INTRODUCTION 235
1. THE ROLES OF LEGISLATURES 237
1.1. Legislature as Agent: Linkage, Representation and Legitimation 237
1.2. Legislature as Principal: Control and Oversight 238
1.2.1. Ways of Parliamentary Scrutiny in Türkiye 239
1.2.2. Parliamentary Checking the Work of Government in the UK 245
1.2.3. Legislature as Legislator: Policy–making vs. Policy–influencing 252
2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES OF LEGISLATURES 252
2.1. Numbers and Type of Chambers 253
2.2. Numbers, Quality and Consistency of Members 255
3. LAW MAKING PROCESS 257
3.1. Law Making Process in Türkiye 257
3.1.1. Basic Concepts 257
3.1.2. The Right to Introduce Bills 258
3.1.3. Deliberations in the Committees 259
3.1.4. Deliberations in the Plenary 262
3.1.5. Publication of Laws 265
3.2. Law Making Process in England 266
3.2.1. Basic Concepts 266
3.2.2. The Right to Introduce Bills 269
3.2.3. Law making Process for Public Bills 270
3.2.3.1. Pre–Legislative Scrutiny 270
3.2.3.2. Legislative Scrutiny 271
3.2.3.3. Post–Legislative Scrutiny 274
3.2.4. Law Making Process for Private Bills 274
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 277
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 278
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 278
CHAPTER 9: DEMOCRACY
INTRODUCTION 283
1. THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY 283
2. THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY 285
3. TYPES OF DEMOCRACY 287
3.1. Direct Democracy 287
3.2. Indirect (Representative) Democracy 289
3.3. Semi–Direct Democracy 291
3.3.1. Initiative 291
3.3.2. Referendum 296
3.3.3. Recall 296
3.4. Majoritarian–Pluralist Democracy 305
4. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST DEMOCRACY 307
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 311
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 312
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 312
CHAPTER 10: POLITICAL PARTIES
INTRODUCTION 317
1. THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL PARTY 317
1.1. Definition of Political Party 318
1.2. Functions of Political Parties 320
1.2.1. Coordination 320
1.2.2. Contesting Elections 321
1.2.3. Recruitment 323
1.2.4. Representation 324
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL PARTY 324
2.1. Ideology 324
2.2. Political Manifesto 325
2.3. Organisational Structure 326
2.4. Constitution (Regulation) 328
2.5. Institutionalization 329
2.6. Membership 329
2.7. Finance 331
3. PARTY SYSTEMS 334
3.1. Non–Party System 336
3.2. Single Party System 336
3.3. Two–Party System 337
3.4. Dominant Party System 338
3.5. Multi–Party System 338
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 340
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 341
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 341
CHAPTER 11: ELECTIONS
INTRODUCTION 345
1. RIGHT TO SUFFRAGE 348
2. PRINCIPLES OF SUFFRAGE 350
2.1. From limited franchise to universal suffrage 351
2.2. From inequality in elections to equal suffrage 352
2.3. From non–free elections to free suffrage 353
2.4. From indirect elections to direct vote 354
2.5. From open voting to secret ballot in the elections 354
3. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS 354
3.1. Majoritarian Formulas 356
3.1.1. Single–Member Plurality (SMP)–First–Past–The–Post (FPTP) 356
3.1.2. Second Ballot Majority–Run–Off–System–Two Round System (2RS) 359
3.1.3. Second Ballot Majority–The Alternative Vote System 360
3.2. Semi–Proportional Systems 363
3.2.1. Single Transferable Vote (STV) 363
3.2.2. Cumulative Vote 367
3.2.3. Limited Vote 368
3.3. Proportional Representation (Party List Systems) 368
3.3.1. Open List 369
3.3.2. Closed List 369
3.3.3. Semi–Closed List 370
3.3.4. Quotas and Divisors 370
3.4. Mixed Systems 372
3.4.1. Mixed–Member Proportional (MMP) 372
3.4.2. Mixed–Member Majoritarian (MMM) 373
4. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 375
4.1. Election Management Bodies 375
4.1.1. Election Management Bodies in Türkiye 379
4.2. Pre–electoral Administration 380
4.3. Voting Period 381
4.4. Post–Election Period 381
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 382
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 383
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 383
CHAPTER 12: HUMAN RIGHTS
INTRODUCTION 387
1. THE ORIGINS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 388
1.1. Religious Origin of Human Rights 388
1.2. Philosophical Origins of Human Rights 391
1.3. Metaphilosophical Justifications of Human Rights 400
2. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 403
3. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 406
3.1. United Nations 408
3.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 409
3.1.2. Treaty–Based Human Rights Protection Mechanisms 410
3.1.3. Non–Treaty–Based Human Rights Protection Mechanisms 417
3.2. Europe 418
3.2.1. European Convention on Human Rights 419
3.2.2. European Court of Human Rights 419
SELF–TEST QUESTIONS 421
IN–TEXT QUESTIONS 422
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING 422
ANNEX 1 423
GLOSSARY 423
ANNEX 2 431
A SELECTION OF WEBSITES OF CONSTITUTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 431 |
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